William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essays

William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essays William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essay William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay Essay Essay Topic: Julius Caesar Julius Caesar shows that people respond to power and glorification in different ways. Discuss. William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar has a strong focal point on the response that assorted characters display to power and glorification. and how and why this response may change between them. Shakspere shows contrast in response to high quality to a great extent throughout the text. and explains that people’s revenge to it will ever differ. Where focal point for some. prevarications in the attainment and retention of power. others prefer a position of conserving Rome’s traditional authorities system. Contrast is seen strongly in character’s positions of Caesar’s decease. and besides in their sentiments of the predating events and Caesar’s addition of power. Despite these differing factors. all characters are portrayed to hold some sort of lecherousness for power. and purpose to derive authorization over citizens. These qualities are seen most stron gly across the supporters of the narrative: Caesar. Brutus. Cassius and Antony. Throughout the text. characters claim to oppose Caesar’s regulation for the pure ground of conserving the traditions of Rome’s authorities and heritage. but some developments strongly suggest the subterranean motivation of desire for power. The thought of â€Å" [ Rome’s ] broad walk [ embracing ] but merely one man† is dashing to Cassius. and he peculiarly portrays this throughout the drama. joined by Brutus. claiming that the blackwash of Caesar brings them â€Å"peace. freedom and liberty† . However. opposing this. Cassius provinces that he â€Å"was born every bit free as Caesar† and therefore is every bit meriting of power. connoting enviousness or resent toward the omnipotence Caesar achieves. Brutus stands by his purpose. decidedly meaning his portion with the plotters was â€Å"not that [ he ] loved Caesar less. but that [ he ] loved Rome more† . Brutus feels as though Caesar’s leading would negatively impact Rome and the good that Roman citizens have achieved. In contrast. Caesar and Antony both claim that Caesar’s regulation would be positive for Rome. Antony. as a strong protagonist. bases by Caesar and claims that Caesar does hold love for Rome. and would neer hold put the destiny of Rome in danger. Although he states this verbally much later in the drama. this is seen through Antony showing the Crown to Caesar upon his return to Rome from get the better ofing Pompey. Caesar himself believes that he is worthy to govern Rome. and wants to derive the trust and support of the Roman citizens. He begins to make this by rejecting the Crown when offered it. cognizing that many people would be unhappy with the credence of the Crown. and the subsequent stoping of the Republic. nevertheless it is apparent that his purposes may alter. When told to go to the Senate as the Crown is traveling to be offered to him once more. Caesar thirstily takes this chance. connoting his desire. Although he is â€Å"for the good of Rome† . he still has purpose to travel against the system of authorities in topographic point for omnipotence. Upon Caesar’s blackwash. the sentiments of many characters is shown to vary strongly. and this becomes progressively apparent as the text continues. Antony immediately ridicules the logical thinking of the blackwash. stating that he was non â€Å"ambitious† in the sense of deriving domination. as he was â€Å"thrice presented†¦a kingly crown† and â€Å"he did thrice refuse† . presenting his said â€Å"ambition† to be questionable. This is a mark of his repose toward power and those who have acquired it. contrasting with Cassius. who feels it is boisterous for Caesar to â€Å"bestride the narrow world† as the exclusive leader of Rome. and sees that this is just ground for Caesar’s blackwash. Cassius here appears to hold desire for power. and to utilize Toward the decision of the text. upon taking their ain lives. both Cassius and Brutus officially verbalise their positions of their purposes in Caesar’s blackwash. but they be sides have differing responses to what they have done. While Brutus seems to demo sorrow over killing Caesar. Cassius seems acrimonious about Caesar’s decease. with the claim that Caesar was â€Å"revenged† by Cassius’ self-destruction. as if to entitle him with the incrimination for his decease. Brutus seems sorry. as he states that Caesar was killed â€Å"with half so good a will† than himself. stating that he is more deserving of decease. and offering Caesar to â€Å"be still† in his decease. The protagonists’ positions on the blackwash thrust frontward the strong aspiration they show to achieve power themselves. and their feelings toward those who are in power. Opinions of Caesar’s success are to a great extent contrasted between the story’s protagonists to underscore how they see glory and fame. peculiarly comparing Antony and Cassius. Their positions oppose each other. with Antony strongly back uping the success and rise of Caesar. where Brutus claims that Romans â€Å"as underlings† should be endeavoring to travel against Caesar’s reign. and alter the manner Caesar is taking. Antony focuses strongly on Caesar’s leading as a positive portion of Rome’s society. and the love Caesar displays to the people. He signifies this by â€Å"thrice [ showing Caesar ] a kingly crown† . and stating the people of Rome of Caesar’s great efforts. Although the chief contrast lies here. both Brutus and Caesar himself have their ain sentiments. both of which slightly contrast with the positions of Antony and Cassius. Brutus responds to Caesar’s reign by oppugning Caesar’s character. and chew overing the thought that Caesar’s coronating â€Å"might alteration his nature† . implying that he may go a worse individual because of it. Caesar himself has a positive response to his addition of power. but shortly it seems as though power shortly goes to his caput. and he begins to do roseola determinations that regard the people of Rome more harshly. Each supporter has a different attack to Caesar’s reign. and each character responds to his rise in their ain single mode. The segregation of sentiments in respects to power and glorification is contrasted in itself by each character’s shared desire for power. This component of the text is seen at some times more strongly than others. as characters portray their emotions through private and public ideas otherwise. and express more in what they think in private. Cassius. although apparently â€Å"for the good of Rome† is described by Caesar to â€Å" [ have ] a mean and hungry look† . implying that he has desire for power. which is besides seen through the deduction of his resentment and enviousness of Caesar when he claims that he was â€Å"born every bit free as [ him ] † . Brutus is likely the least power hungry of characters. although he still does want power and luck. as he claims he â€Å"would non hold it so† with Caesar a swayer. yet he still â€Å" [ loves ] him well† . Antony seems to desire the attending and regard of people in the assembly of Roman citizens more than legitimate power over them. and uses his public speech production and persuasive accomplishments to accomplish this. with his repeat of the phrase: â€Å"Brutus is an honorable man† to condescend and degrade him. Caesar is the most power hungry of them all. although does non look it in his rejection of the Crown. He wants â€Å"men about [ him ] who are fat† in the sense of cognition. and content with the power they have. as he does non desire anyone stealing his power from him. Each supporter portions this lecherousness for glorification and prestigiousness. and each in a sense additions some victory throughout the text. Although there is a shared desire to obtain and keep power. the characters Shakespeare portrays in Julius Caesar depict the differing responses that many characters can hold to the power they have. or the power those around them have decidedly. They may portion some facets of their reactions. or portray it in a similar sense. but overall. the characters positions and sentiments vary to a great extent throughout the text. Each facet of the response characters have is seen in all four. but in each it opposes. as seen through the picks and contemplations that characters portray.

Family Tree and Genealogy of Actor James Stewart

Family Tree and Genealogy of Actor James Stewart Beloved American actor Jimmy Stewart was born to typical small-town roots in Indiana, Pennsylvania, where his father owned the local hardware store. His fathers Western Pennsylvania roots date back to 1772 when Jimmys third great-grandfather Fergus Moorhead first arrived in what is now Indiana County. His mothers roots also stretch back to 1770s Pennsylvania. First Generation James Maitland STEWART, the oldest and only son of Alexander Stewart and Elizabeth Ruth Jackson, was born on 20 May 1908 in his parents home at 975 Philadelphia Street in Indiana, Pennsylvania. The family soon expanded to include two sisters, Mary and Virginia. Jimmys father, Alex (pronounced Alec) owned the local hardware store in town, J.M. Stewart Co. Jimmy Stewart married Gloria Hatrick in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, on 9 August 1949. Second Generation (Parents) Alexander M. STEWART was born on 19 May 1872 in Indiana County, Pennsylvania and died 28 Dec 1961 in Indiana Co., PA.Elizabeth Ruth JACKSON was born on 16 Mar 1875 in Indiana Co., PA and died 2 Aug 1953. Alexander M. STEWART and Elizabeth Ruth JACKSON were married in Indiana Co., PA on 19 Dec 1906 and had the following children: Jimmy Maitland STEWARTMary Wilson STEWART was born in Indiana Co., PA in 1912Virginia Kelly STEWART was born in Indiana Co., PA in 1915 Third Generation (Grandparents): James Maitland STEWART was born in Pennsylvania on 24 May 1839 and died on 16 Mar 1932.Virginia KELLY was born in Pennsylvania about 1847 and died before 1888. James Maitland STEWART married twice. First, he married Virginia Kelly and they had the following children: Ralph STEWART was born in Pennsylvania on Oct 1869Alexander M. STEWARTErnest Taylor STEWART was born in Pennsylvania Sep 1874 Following the death of his first wife, Virginia, James Maitland STEWART married Martha A. about 1888. Samuel McCartney JACKSON was born in Sep 1833 in PennsylvaniaMary E. WILSON was born in Nov 1844 in Pennsylvania Samuel McCartney JACKSON and Mary E. WILSON were married about 1868, and had the following children: Mary Gertrude Jackson was born abt 1861 in PALizzie Virginia Jackson was born abt 1862 in PAFrank Wilson Jackson was born abt 1870 in PAJohn H. Jackson was born abt Aug 1873 in PAElizabeth Ruth JACKSONMary E Jackson was born abt 1877 in PAEmily L. Jackson was born abt Apr 1882 in PA

Fossil Group, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fossil Group, Inc - Essay Example These include brands such as Superman, Elvis Presley, Snoopy, Wonder Woman, Chronicles of Narnia, The Matrix and Star Wars. This paper outlines the inventory policies and items that Fossil Group Inc. adopts in their operations and offers in the market respectively. Apart from selling products directly to consumers through commercial websites and retail stores, Fossil owns a global distribution network that includes wholesale outlets in countries where the company has a physical presence. In countries that it does not have a physical presence, the company maintains third-party networks that facilitate the marketing and distribution of its products. Fossils’ inventory policy is primarily based on the average cost of production, which includes related freight charges and applicable duty. Inventory that is unmarketable or obsolete is determined by the difference between market value estimates and the approximate costs of inventory. Such estimates are based on assumptions regarding future demand, available channels for liquidation and prevailing market conditions. Additional reductions in inventory are thereby inevitable in the event that market conditions and future product demand are regarded by management to be less favorable than what had been projected. Reductions in inventory are also inevitable if the management determines that channels for liquidation are insufficient. The company’s success in inventory management is hence largely attributed to continuous assessment of off-price sales and regular updates of inventory estimates. Revenue from sales of products likely to be subjected to agreements in inventory consignment is often determined at the point where title and risk of loss has been transferred, products have successfully been delivered, buying price at the end of the chain can easily be determined, and there is reasonable assurance in collectability of the product. In the event that inventory is

Inputs and Outputs Devices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inputs and Outputs Devices - Essay Example The essay "Inputs and Outputs Devices" talks about the various input and output devices used while working with computers and presents the overview of advantages and disadvantages of such devices. Computer output entails any type of information that is being provided by the computer after processing. An output device is a hardware piece that is used to display or output data which has been processed or has been stored on the computer. Examples of output devices are speakers, speech synthesizers, plotters, printers, and the Visual Display Unit. Once information has been fed to the computer, it is in electronic form. This information is in a form that can only be handled and understood by the computer, and not by human beings. The information will, therefore, need to be converted into a form that is understood by a user. This is mostly done in two ways: by printing out the information and by displaying the information on the visual Display Unit. If a user is using a machine with multimedia, he or she can have sound as an output. In this case, the sound is emitted through the speakers. These are all benefits and roles of having output devices connected to one’s computer.A peripheral device is defined as that which can be attached to a computer to increase its functionality. These devices are used in conjunction with the output devices. The output devices are used regularly by students to do their projects and assignments, and they also help to perform basic logical and arithmetic operations.

A Hybrid Vehicle Is a Vehicle That Uses Two Essay Example for Free

A Hybrid Vehicle Is a Vehicle That Uses Two Essay Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the riders muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles to power it up. * In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e. g. using a hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connection to a wheel using a transmission element. Human and motor torques are added together. Almost all manufactured Motorized bicycles, Mopeds are of this type. [2] * In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a generator using the pedals. This is converted into electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giving a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. The motor draws power from the battery and must be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required because none is available from the pedals. SH bicycles are commercially available, because they are very simple in theory and manufacturing. [3] The first known prototype and publication of an SH bicycle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3884317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite[4] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics allowing regenerative braking and pedaling while stationary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed a Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jurg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the active bicycle: the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype SH tricycles and quadricycles. [5] Heavy vehicles Bus Rapid Transit of Metz, a diesel-electric hybrid driving system by Van Hool[6] Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehicles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. Typically some form of heat engine (usually diesel) drives an electric generator or hydraulic pump which powers one or more electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than mechanical elements especially when multiple drives—e. g. driven wheels or propellers—are required. There is power lost in the double conversion from typically diesel fuel to electricity to power an electric or hydraulic motor. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh the disadvantages especially as the conversion losses typically decrease with size. With the exception of non-nuclear submarines, presently there is no or relatively little secondary energy storage capacity on most heavy vehicles, e. g. auxiliary batteries and hydraulic accumulators—although this is now changing. Submarines are one of the oldest widespread applications of hybrid technology, running on diesel engines while surfaced and switching to battery power when submerged. Both series-hybrid and parallel hybrid drivetrains were used in the Second World War. Rail transport Main article: Hybrid train East Japan Railway Company HB-E300 series Europe The new Autorail a grande capacite (AGC or high-capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage capabilities (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many different rail systems. [7] The locomotive has been on trials in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a Genesse and Wyoming company. China The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was designed and contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000. It was a G12 locomotive that was converted to hybrid by using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and also was equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofited in the cover of the DC traction motors. Japan The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine with significant energy storage and energy regeneration capability was introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It utilizes battery packs of lithium ion batteries mounted on the roof to store recovered energy. [8] North America In the U. S., General Electric introduced a prototype railroad engine with their Ecomagination technology in 2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries to capture and store energy normally dissipated during dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at least a 10% reduction in fuel use with this system and are now spending about $2 billion/yr on hybrid research. [9] Variants of the typical diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard engines built by Canadas Railpower Technologies. They utilize a large set of heavy duty long life (~10 yr) rechargeable lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 HP electric motors as the primary motive sources and a new clean burning diesel generator (~160 Hp) for recharging the batteries that is used only as needed. No power or fuel are wasted for idling—typically 60–85% of the time for these type locomotives. It is unclear if dynamic braking (regenerative) power is recaptured for reuse; but in principle it should be easily utilized. Since these engines typical need extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery packs weight is a negligible penalty. In addition the diesel generator and battery package are normally built on an existing retired yard locomotives frame for significant additional cost savings. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Diesel fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over that of a typical older switching/yard engine. The same advantages that existing hybrid cars have for use with frequent starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switching yard use. [10] Green Goat locomotives have been purchased by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Railroad among others. Cranes Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Terminal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel electric power unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry (RTG) cranes. RTG cranes are typically used for loading and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks in ports and container storage yards. The energy used to lift the containers can be partially regained when they are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50–70% are predicted by Railpower engineers. [11] First systems are expected to be operational in 2007. [12] Road transport, commercial vehicles 2008 GMC Yukon hybrid version Early hybrid systems are being investigated for trucks and other heavy highway vehicles with some operational trucks and buses starting to come into use. The main obstacles seem to be smaller fleet sizes and the extra costs of a hybrid system are yet compensated for by fuel savings,[13] but with the price of oil set to continue on its upward trend, the tipping point may be reached by the end of 2015. [dated info] Advances in technology and lowered battery cost and higher capacity etc. developed in the hybrid car industry are already filtering into truck use as Toyota, Ford, GM and others introduce hybrid pickups and SUVs. Kenworth Truck Company recently introduced a hybrid-electric truck, called the Kenworth T270 Class 6 that for city usage seems to be competitive. [14][15] FedEx and others are starting to invest in hybrid delivery type vehicles—particularly for city use where hybrid technology may pay off first. [16] Military off-road vehicles Since 1985, the U. S. military has been testing serial hybrid Humvees[17][18] and have found them to deliver faster acceleration, a stealth mode with low thermal signature/ near silent operation, and greater fuel economy. Ships Ships with both mast-mounted sails and steam engines were an early form of hybrid vehicle. Another example is the diesel-electric submarine. This runs on batteries when submerged and the batteries can be re-charged by the diesel engine when the craft is on the surface. Newer hybrid ship-propulsion schemes include large towing kites manufactured by companies such as SkySails. Towing kites can fly at heights several times higher than the tallest ship masts, capturing stronger and steadier winds. Aircraft Taxiing and other ground operations of Boeing 737NGs will soon be done using hybrid electric drives as WheelTug ground propulsion systems become available. [19][20] By using the APU (powered by a turbine) to energize a Chorus electric motor mounted in the landing gear for ground movement, aircraft will be operating in a hybrid configuration where the main engines are used only for take off, landing, and flight. Boeing 737–800 The Boeing Fuel Cell Demonstrator Airplane has a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell/lithium-ion battery hybrid system to power an electric motor, which is coupled to a conventional propeller. The fuel cell provides all power for the cruise phase of flight. During takeoff and climb, the flight segment that requires the most power, the system draws on lightweight lithium-ion batteries. The demonstrator aircraft is a Dimona motor glider, built by Diamond Aircraft Industries of Austria, which also carried out structural modifications to the aircraft. With a wing span of 16. 3 meters (53. 5 feet), the airplane will be able to cruise at approximately 100 kilometers per hour (62 miles per hour) on power from the fuel cell. [21] Hybrid FanWings have been designed. A FanWing is created by two engines with the capability to autorotate and landing like a helicopter. [22] Engine type Hybrid electric-petroleum vehicles Hybrid New Flyer Metrobus Hybrid Optare Solo Main article: Hybrid electric vehicle When the term hybrid vehicle is used, it most often refers to a Hybrid electric vehicle. These encompass such vehicles as the Saturn Vue, Toyota Prius, Toyota Camry Hybrid, Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Honda Insight, Honda Civic Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h and 450h and others. A petroleum-electric hybrid most commonly uses internal combustion engines (generally gasoline or Diesel engines, powered by a variety of fuels) and electric batteries to power the vehicle. There are many types of petroleum-electric hybrid drivetrains, from Full hybrid to Mild hybrid, which offer varying advantages and disadvantages. [23][not in citation given] Henri Pieper in 1899 developed the first petro-electric hybrid automobile in the world. In 1900, Ferdinand Porsche developed a series-hybrid using two motor-in-wheel-hub arrangements with a combustion generator set providing the electric power, setting two speed records[citation needed]. While liquid fuel/electric hybrids date back to the late 19th century, the braking regenerative hybrid was invented by David Arthurs, an electrical engineer from Springdale, Arkansas in 1978–79. His home-converted Opel GT was reported to return as much as 75MPG with plans still sold to this original design, and the Mother Earth News modified version on their website. [24] The plug-in-electric-vehicle (PEV) is becoming more and more common. It has the range needed in locations where there are wide gaps with no services. The batteries can be plugged into house (mains) electricity for charging, as well being charged while the engine is running. Continuously outboard recharged electric vehicle (COREV) Given suitable infrastructure, permissions and vehicles, BEVs can be recharged while the user drives. The BEV establishes contact with an electrified rail, plate or overhead wires on the highway via an attached conducting wheel or other similar mechanism (see Conduit current collection). The BEVs batteries are recharged by this process—on the highway—and can then be used normally on other roads until the battery is discharged. Some of battery-electric locomotives used for maintenance trains on the London Underground are capable of this mode of operation. Power is picked up from the electtrified rails where possible, switching to battery power where the electricity supply is disconnected. This provides the advantage, in principle, of virtually unrestricted highway range as long as you stay where you have BEV infrastructure access. Since many destinations are within 100 km of a major highway, this may reduce the need for expensive battery systems. Unfortunately private use of the existing electrical system is nearly universally prohibited. The technology for such electrical infrastructure is old and, outside of some cities, is not widely distributed (see Conduit current collection, trams, electric rail, trolleys, third rail). Updating the required electrical and infrastructure costs can be funded, in principle, by toll revenue, gasoline or other taxes. Hybrid fuel (dual mode). Ford Escape Hybrid with a flexible fuel capability to run on E85 (ethanol) In addition to vehicles that use two or more different devices for propulsion, some also consider vehicles that use distinct energy sources or input types (fuels) using the same engine to be hybrids, although to avoid confusion with hybrids as described above and to use correctly the terms, these are perhaps more correctly described as dual mode vehicles: * Some electric trolleybuses can switch between an on board diesel engine and overhead electrical power depending on conditions (see dual mode bus). In principle, this could be combined with a battery subsystem to create a true plug-in hybrid trolleybus, although as of 2006, no such design seems to have been announced. * Flexible-fuel vehicles can use a mixture of input fuels mixed in one tank — typically gasoline and ethanol, or methanol, or biobutanol. * Bi-fuel vehicle:Liquified petroleum gas and natural gas are very different from petroleum or diesel and cannot be used in the same tanks, so it would be impossible to build an (LPG or NG) flexible fuel system. Instead vehicles are built with two, parallel, fuel systems feeding one engine. For example Chevys Silverado 2500 HD, which is now on the road, can effortlessly switch between petroleum and natural gas, and offers a range of over 650 miles. [25] While the duplicated tanks cost space in some applications, the increased range, decreased cost of fuel and flexibility where (LPG or NG) infrastructure is incomplete may be a significant incentive to purchase. While the U. S. Natural gas infrastructure is partially incomplete, it is increasing at a fast pace, and already has 2600 CNG stations in place. [26] With a growing fueling station infrastructure, a large scale adoption of these bi-fuel vehicles could be seen in the near future. Rising gas prices may also push consumers to purchase these vehicles. When gas prices trade around $4. 00, the price per MMBTU of gasoline is $28. 00, compared to natural gass $4. 00 per MMBTU. [27] On a per unit of energy comparative basis, this makes natural gas much cheaper than gasoline. All of these factors are making CNG-Gasoline bi-fuel vehicles very attractive. * Some vehicles have been modified to use another fuel source if it is available, such as cars modified to run on autogas (LPG) and diesels modified to run on waste vegetable oil that has not been processed into biodiesel. * Power-assist mechanisms for bicycles and other human-powered vehicles are also included (see Motorized bicycle). Fluid power hybrid Chrysler minivan, petro-hydraulic hybrid French MDI petro-air hybrid car developed with Tata. Hydraulic and pneumatic hybrid vehicles use an engine to charge a pressure accumulator to drive the wheels via hydraulic or pneumatic (i. e. compressed air) drive units. In most cases the engine is detached from the drivetrain merely only to change the energy accumulator. The transmission is seamless. Petro-air hybrid A French company, MDI, has designed and has running models of a petro-air hybrid engine car. The system does not use air motors to drive the vehicle, being directly driven by a hybrid engine. The engine uses a mixture of compressed air and gasoline injected into the cylinders. [28] A key aspect of the hybrid engine is the active chamber, which is a compartment heating air via fuel doubling the energy output. [29] Tata Motors of India assessed the design phase towards full production for the Indian market and moved into completing detailed development of the compressed air engine into specific vehicle and stationary applications. [30][31] Petro-hydraulic hybrid Petro-hydraulic configurations have been common in trains and heavy vehicles for decades. The auto industry recently focused on this hybrid configuration as it now shows promise for introduction into smaller vehicles. In petro-hydraulic hybrids, the energy recovery rate is high and therefore the system is more efficient than battery charged hybrids using the current battery technology, demonstrating a 60% to 70% increase in energy economy in U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) testing. [32] The charging engine needs only to be sized for average usage with acceleration bursts using the stored energy in the hydraulic accumulator, which is charged when in low energy demanding vehicle operation. The charging engine runs at optimum speed and load for efficiency and longevity. Under tests undertaken by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a hydraulic hybrid Ford Expedition returned 32 miles per US gallon (7. 4 L/100 km; 38 mpg-imp) City, and 22 miles per US gallon (11 L/100 km; 26 mpg-imp) highway. [33][34] UPS currently has two trucks in service with this technology. [35] Although petro-hybrid technology has been known for decades, and used in trains and very large construction vehicles, heavy costs of the equipment precluded the systems from lighter trucks and cars. In the modern sense an experiment proved the viability of small petro-hybrid road vehicles in 1978. A group of students at Minneapolis, Minnesotas Hennepin Vocational Technical Center, converted a Volkswagen Beetle car to run as a petro-hydraulic hybrid using off-the shelf components. A car rated at 32mpg was returning 75mpg with the 60HP engine replaced by 16HP engine. The experimental car reached 70 mph. [36] In the 1990s, a team of engineers working at EPA’s National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory succeeded in developing a revolutionary type of petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain that would propel a typical American sedan car. The test car achieved over 80 mpg on combined EPA city/highway driving cycles. Acceleration was 0-60 mph in 8 seconds, using a 1. 9 liter diesel engine. No lightweight materials were used. The EPA estimated that produced in high volumes the hydraulic components would add only $700 to the base cost of the vehicle. [34] While the petro-hydraulic system has faster and more efficient charge/discharge cycling and is cheaper than petro-electric hybrids, the accumulator size dictates total energy storage capacity and may require more space than a battery set. Research is underway in large corporations and small companies. Focus has now switched to smaller vehicles. The system components were expensive which precluded installation in smaller trucks and cars. A drawback was that the power driving motors were not efficient enough at part load. A British company has made a breakthrough by introducing an electronically controlled hydraulic motor/pump, the Digital Displacement motor/pump, that is highly efficient at all speed ranges and loads making small applications of petro-hydraulic hybrids feasible. [37] The company converted a BMW car as a test bed to prove viability. The BMW 530i, gave double the mpg in city driving compared to the standard car. This test was using the standard 3,000cc engine. Petro-hydraulic hybrids using well sized accumulators entails downsizing an engine to average power usage, not peak power usage. Peak power is provided by the energy stored in the accumulator. A smaller more efficient constant speed engine reduces weight and liberates space for a larger accumulator. [38] Current vehicle bodies are designed around the mechanicals of existing engine/transmission setups. It is restrictive and far from ideal to install petro-hydraulic mechanicals into existing bodies not designed for hydraulic setups. One research projects goal is to create a blank paper design new car, to maximize the packaging of petro-hydraulic hybrid components in the vehicle. All bulky hydraulic components are integrated into the chassis of the car. One design has claimed to return 130mpg in tests by using a large hydraulic accumulator which is also the structural chassis of the car. The small hydraulic driving motors are incorporated within the wheel hubs driving the wheels and reversing to claw-back kinetic braking energy. The hub motors eliminates the need for friction brakes, mechanical transmissions, drive shafts and U joints, reducing costs and weight. Hydrostatic drive with no friction brakes are used in industrial vehicles. [39] The aim is 170mpg in average driving conditions. Energy created by shock absorbers and kinetic braking energy that normally would be wasted assists in charging the accumulator. A small fossil fuelled piston engine sized for average power use charges the accumulator. The accumulator is sized at running the car for 15 minutes when fully charged. The aim is a fully charged accumulator with an energy storage potential of 670 HP, which will produce a 0-60 mph acceleration speed of under 5 seconds using four wheel drive. [40][41][42] In January 2011 industry giant Chrysler announced a partnership with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to design and develop an experimental petro-hydraulic hybrid powertrain suitable for use in large passenger cars. In 2012 an existing production minvan will be adapted to the new hydraulic powertrain. [34][43][44][45] PSA Peugeot Citroen exhibited an experimental Hybrid Air engine at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show. [46] The vehicle uses nitrogen gas compressed by energy harvested from braking or deceleration to power an hydraulic drive which supplements power from its conventional gasoline engine. The hydraulic and electronic components were supplied by Robert Bosch GmbH. Production versions priced at about $25,000, ? 17,000, are scheduled for 2015 or 2016. Mileage was estimated to be about 80 miles per gallon for city driving if installed in a Citroen C3. [47] Electric-human power hybrid vehicle Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5, Twike, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards. Hybrid vehicle power train configurations Main articles: Hybrid vehicle drivetrains and Micro HEV. Parallel hybrid Honda Insight, Mild Parallel Hybrid Toyota Prius, series-parallel hybrid Ford Escape Hybrid, a series-parallel drivetrain In a parallel hybrid vehicle, the single electric motor and the internal combustion engine are installed such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. In contrast to the power split configuration typically only one electric motor is installed. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box is engaged. While in combustion mode the engine and motor run at the same speed. The first mass production parallel hybrid sold outside Japan was the 1st generation Honda Insight. Mild parallel hybrid These types use a generally compact electric motor (usually 20 kW) to provide auto-stop/start features and to provide extra power assist[48] during the acceleration, and to generate on the deceleration phase (aka regenerative braking). On-road examples include Honda Civic Hybrid, Honda Insight 2nd generation, Honda CR-Z, Honda Accord Hybrid, Mercedes Benz S400 BlueHYBRID, BMW 7-Series hybrids, General Motors BAS Hybrids, and Smart fortwo with micro hybrid drive. Power-split or series-parallel hybrid Passenger car installations include Toyota Prius, Ford Escape and Fusion, as well as Lexus RX400h, RX450h, GS450h, LS600h, and CT200h. In a power-split hybrid electric drive train there are two motors: an electric motor and an internal combustion engine. The power from these two motors can be shared to drive the wheels via a power splitter, which is a simple planetary gear set. The ratio can be from 0–100% for the combustion engine, or 0–100% for the electric motor, or anything in between, such as 40% for the electric motor and 60% for the combustion engine. The electric motor can act as a generator charging the batteries. Modern versions such as the Toyota Hybrid Synergy Drive have a second electric motor/generator on the output shaft (connected to the wheels). In cooperation with the primary motor/generator and the mechanical power-split this provides a continuously variable transmission. On the open road, the primary power source is the internal combustion engine. When maximum power is required, for example to overtake, the electric motor is used to assist. This increases the available power for a short period, giving the effect of having a larger engine than actually installed. In most applications, the engine is switched off when the car is slow or stationary reducing curbside emissions. Series hybrid Chevrolet Volt, series plug-in hybrid. Honda Civic Hybrid used by Zipcar car sharing service Ford Escape plug-in hybrid A series- or serial-hybrid vehicle has also been referred to as an Extended Range Electric Vehicle or Range-Extended Electric Vehicle (EREV/REEV); however, range extension can be accomplished with either series or parallel hybrid layouts. Series-hybrid vehicles are driven by the electric motor with no mechanical connection to the engine. Instead there is an engine tuned for running a generator when the battery pack energy supply isnt sufficient for demands. This arrangement is not new, being common in diesel-electric locomotives and ships. Ferdinand Porsche used this setup in the early 20th century in racing cars, effectively inventing the series-hybrid arrangement. Porsche named the arrangement System Mixt. A wheel hub motor arrangement, with a motor in each of the two front wheels was used, setting speed records. This arrangement was sometimes referred to as an electric transmission, as the electric generator and driving motor replaced a mechanical transmission. The vehicle could not move unless the internal combustion engine was running. The setup has never proved to be suitable for production cars, however it is currently being revisited by several manufacturers. In 1997 Toyota released the first series-hybrid bus sold in Japan. [49] GM introduced the Chevy Volt EREV in 2010, aiming for an all-electric range of 40 miles,[50] and a price tag of around $40,000. [51] Supercapacitors combined with a lithium ion battery bank have been used by AFS Trinity in a converted Saturn Vue SUV vehicle. Using supercapacitors they claim up to 150 mpg in a series-hybrid arrangement. [52] Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) Main article: Plug-in hybrid Another subtype added to the hybrid market is the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV). The PHEV is usually a general fuel-electric (parallel or serial) hybrid with increased energy storage capacity (usually Li-ion batteries). It may be connected to mains electricity supply at the end of the journey to avoid charging using the on-board internal combustion engine. [53][54] This concept is attractive to those seeking to minimize on-road emissions by avoiding – or at least minimizing – the use of ICE during daily driving. As with pure electric vehicles, the total emissions saving, for example in CO2 terms, is dependent upon the energy source of the electricity generating company. For some users, this type of vehicle may also be financially attractive so long as the electrical energy being used is cheaper than the petrol/diesel that they would have otherwise used. Current tax systems in many European countries use mineral oil taxation as a major income source. This is generally not the case for electricity, which is taxed uniformly for the domestic customer, however that person uses it. Some electricity suppliers also offer price benefits for off-peak night users, which may further increase the attractiveness of the plug-in option for commuters and urban motorists. Fuel cell, electric hybrid. The fuel cell hybrid is generally an electric vehicle equipped with a fuel cell. The fuel cell as well as the electric battery are both power sources, making the vehicle a hybrid. Fuel cells use hydrogen as a fuel and power the electric battery when it is depleted. The Chevrolet Equinox FCEV, Ford Edge Hyseries Drive and Honda FCX are examples of a fuel cell/electric hybrid. Road safety for cyclists, pedestrians A 2009 National Highway Traffic Safety Administration report examined HEV accidents that involved pedestrians and cyclists and compared them to accidents involving combustion-engine vehicles. The findings showed that, in certain road situations, HEVs are more dangerous for those on foot or bicycle. For accidents where a vehicle was slowing or stopping, backing up, entering or leaving a parking space (when the sound difference between HEVs and CEVs is most pronounced), HEVs were twice as likely to be involved in a pedestrian crash than CEVs. For crashes involving cyclists or pedestrians, there was a higher incident rate for HEVs than CEVs when a vehicle was turning a corner. But there was no statistically significant difference between the types of vehicles when they were driving straight. [55] Environmental issues Fuel consumption and emissions reductions The hybrid vehicle typically achieves greater fuel economy and lower emissions than conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), resulting in fewer emissions being generated. These savings are primarily achieved by three elements of a typical hybrid design: 1. relying on both the engine and the electric motors for peak power needs, resulting in a smaller engine sized more for average usage rather than peak power usage. A smaller engine can have less internal losses and lower weight. 2. having significant battery storage capacity to store and reuse recaptured energy, especially in stop-and-go traffic typical of the city driving cycle. 3. recapturing significant amounts of energy during braking that are normally wasted as heat. This regenerative braking reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into electricity, depending upon the power rating of the motor/generator; Other techniques that are not necessarily hybrid features, but that are frequently found on hybrid vehicles include: 1.using Atkinson cycle engines instead of Otto cycle engines for improved fuel economy. 2. shutting down the engine during traffic stops or while coasting or during other idle periods. 3. improving aerodynamics; (part of the reason that SUVs get such bad fuel economy is the drag on the car. A box shaped car or truck has to exert more force to move through the air causing more stress on the engine making it work harder). Improving the shape and aerodynamics of a car is a good way to help better the fuel economy and also improve handling at the same time. 4. using low rolling resistance tires (tires were often made to give a quiet, smooth ride, high grip, etc. , but efficiency was a lower priority). Tires cause mechanical drag, once again making the engine work harder, consuming more fuel. Hybrid cars may use special tires that are more inflated than regular tires and stiffer or by choice of carcass structure and rubber compound have lower rolling resistance while retaining acceptable grip, and so improving fuel economy whatever the power source. 5. powering the a/c, power steering, and other auxiliary pumps electrically as and when needed ; this reduces mechanical losses when compared with driving them continuously with traditional engine belts. These features make a hybrid vehicle particularly efficient for city traffic where there are frequent stops, coasting and idling periods. In addition noise emissions are reduced, particularly at idling and low operating speeds, in comparison to conventional engine vehicles.

Psychological Egoism Essay -- Psychology Psychological Essays

Psychological Egoism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The descriptive claim made by Psychological Egoists is that humans, by nature, are motivated only by self-interest. Any act, no matter how altruistic it may seem on the outside is actually only a disguise for a selfish desire such as recognition, avoiding guilt, reward or sense of personal ‘goodness’ or morality. For example, Mother Teresa is just using the poor for her own long-term spiritual gain. Being a universal claim, it could falter with a single counterexample. And being that I believe this claim to be bunk I will tell you why!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If I help a friend out of trouble, there is a chance that I would feel happy afterwards. But was that happiness the motive for my actions or just the result? I didn’t save my friend in order to feel good; rather, I feel...

Learning Activity Essay

Today by contemplating the corporate world we can realize that change is so very necessary for firms if they want to prosper. The market is changing so rapidly and technological advancement has created such hype that firms need to evolve from time to time. Researchers say that nowadays firms do not need to bring changes to get an edge over rival firms, but to survive. This itself defines the importance of change. However, just planning change is not important; smart execution is even more important. It includes the way management communicates the change, the way it handles employees’ reaction, the way it manages resistance to change, the way it deals with the after effects of it, and etcetera. These are very important issues that senior management focuses on. The following paragraphs will deal with two of these core issues, namely communicating change and managing change (Ian, Richard and Gib, 2009). Being the resort manager of Baderman Island, I will be very careful in rolling out this information to my employees as communicating the fact that they will be fired if customers continuously complain is a very sensitive issue. Firstly, I will try to explain them the problem, i.e., dissatisfaction of customers and then will discuss the reasons associated with it as put forward by customers. After this will ask for suggestions from them as I want them to feel that they are valued, which is sometimes known as underscore and explore strategy. Then company’s new policy will be disclosed smartly and the desired outcomes will also be floored. When communicating sensitive information like this, firms should give reasons behind the changes made and policies designed as employees have a right to know all about it. It should also be explained that how it will affect the organization and how important it is. If these things are taken care of then there is very less chance of resistance and negative reaction. Moreover, managing resistance to change is again a very important issue. If any resistance occurs concerning the changes in policies brought by Baderman Island’s management I will take care of it very carefully. Again I will use a democratic approach by getting involved in a dialogue with employees who resist. I will try to explain them what they mean to the firm and why has the firm decided to introduce this policy of firing employees due to bad performance. In addition to this, I will also explain the outcome of this policy and the positive effects it will have on the reputation of this firm. Sensible and potential employees will understand and for those who do not, I will use my authority to deal with them the harsh way. Furthermore, I will also help and facilitate employees who are worried about their job security by explaining them ways to satisfy customers and to improve their over all performance. In this way I will manage any resistance to the change. Reference: Palmer, Dunford and Akin (2009). Managing Organizational Change, McGraw Hill Publishers.

Personal Experience Essay

Life is full of adventures and experiences. The key to living well is making these experiences as meaningful as possible. I went through a very significant experience, which was actually more of a risk, about two years ago. I was 15 years old and I had to decide whether I would stay in my hometown or move to Monterrey, Mexico. As in every dilemma faced, there are pros and cons that will try to sway you. Time wouldn’t stop and the day of my decision was getting closer and closer; the less time I had to decide, the more confused and undecided I became. All I could do was imagine myself living the future in my hometown or in Monterrey. But, why was I put into this situation? Should I have stayed where I was born and where I’d lived my whole life or would the best thing be to move to an entirely new city? My family once consisted of my mom, my dad, two older brothers, and me. Unfortunately, my dad passed away in December of 2007 when I was twelve years old. Monterrey is a c ity characterized by having many foreign students because of the highly recognized university, Tec de Monterrey (ITESM). Both of my brothers decided to study there. This left a lonely house with only a widowed mother and a teenage girl. That was the moment I realized we needed to do something, having me make the decision of my life with the pressure of time. I was born and raised in Matamoros, Mexico, which is a border town with Brownsville, Texas. Having my student passport, I studied there my whole life. I had many friends living in both Matamoros and Brownsville. This was a major factor on my decision because I didn’t want to leave them and, in Monterrey, I didn’t know anyone. The thing was that in Matamoros, every corner of my house, every street, and every part of the city would only remind me of my dad who was already in Heaven. To me, this was a kind of torture. I had to either leave my friends and start a new life, or stay there with everyone’s support, but constantly having to deal with the suffering of not being able to let go of my dad because of my surroundings. I knew moving to Monterrey was a very good idea, but like everything, it had its negative views as well. It would be a good thing to move because my mom and I would now live with my brothers and we would all be united like we were before. This new beginning would help us overcome the death of my dad. The bad part was that, as I was about to enter high school, moving to Monterrey without knowing anyone would be very difficult. I had always studied in the USA, so attending a school in Mexico would probably lower my grades and make things more complicated. It was all about taking the r isk. Decision time was near. After I analyzed everything, I understood that the best thing I could was to move to Monterrey with my mom. This was a very significant experience because it really impacted me. The first semester was very hard as I felt all alone. As soon as I began making friends, however I realized I couldn’t have made a better decision. People in Monterrey are very humble and caring. They taught me many things, enabling me to become a better person with better feelings. These friends were the ones who pulled me closer to God when I most needed Him. There was no better feeling than getting home and seeing my brothers living with me again. My family was once again united, and I am very grateful for all of this. View as multi-pages

The Dangers of Childhood Obesity Essay Example

The Dangers of Childhood Obesity Essay Example The Dangers of Childhood Obesity Essay The Dangers of Childhood Obesity Essay Analysis of an Online Article and a Poster In the last years, In an alarming way, obesity in children has been Increasing In the whole World. It has been noticed that obesity affects children psychologically and physically which is why a change is needed to overcome this situation. Many people are aware of this crisis, but do nothing to control it. This leads people to think and wonder about several things such as, Who Is In charge when It comes to childhood obesity? and What has been done about this issue? Or What am I doing about it? In these days, societies in any areas of the world have made several efforts to make their childrens life healthier. The problem of childhood obesity can be solved not only by offering children a healthier lifestyle, but by Involving children as much as possible, not only parents. All these concerns lead worried parents to look for some help to prevent or reduce their childrens obesity. Some parents may go for a health magazine, or to the doctor, oth er may Just turn on their computer and look for something. Many different genres exist that provide information about this Issue, but only few are the ones immunization the message effectively. An article from the New York State Department of Health website titled Preventing Childhood Obesity: Tips for Parents and a poster from the Safaris free of Childhood Obesity campaign are two of the different genres which communicate some facts about this obesity Issue. Analyzing the purpose, the use of rhetoric of these two genres will help define which fulfilled Its purpose better. Purpose and Audience The article Preventing Childhood Obesity: Tips for Parents from the New York State Department of Health website is targeted to parents who are worried about their childs health. It may also call the attention of the first time parents that do not want to make a serious mistake with their children. This article Is meant for the typography discourse community, and because it is an online article, it is also for those who have access to a computer with internet. Thanks to TV commercials and news, the audience has a bigger view of the situation, and they know being overweight Is not a good thing for anyone. What these parents are looking for Is something to help them cake the right choices to prevent or control their childs overweight. Parents want to learn what kind of food they should provide, and how much food per serving. The reader will take about twenty to forty minutes to understand and to take notes for later. It Is not much time when It comes to the childs health and his or her healthy future. The purpose of this article is to inform readers a little of the situation and to show them what things they have to do for their children. The poster of the Safaris Free of Childhood Obesity campaign is designed for children. The destined audience f the poster Is the child; the poster makes the children ask themselves Why am I Overweight? and Why do I have Healthy weight? Therefore, the poster engages children in the situation. The intended discourse community may be children who know how to read or children starting to read because it has pictures larger than the few words on the poster, Some children know they must eat to live; others have the Instinct to run all over the house or Just Jump In front of the television. But what they do not know is what type of food is good for them and what is the minimum time of 1 OFF hat should be done. Three to five minute will be the time children will take to be satisfied of the poster because it is tempting to view all the images again at least two times. Wanting to involve children in their health is the goal of the poster, and also to make them understand why they are overweight or have a healthy weight. Its purpose is to persuade children to take action for their own good, and, in some way, entertain viewers as they receive the information provided. Rhetorical Issues: Ethos, Pathos, Logos The article Preventing Childhood Obesity: Tips for Parents is reliable because of the act that it is found in the New York State Department of Health website, and the readers can see it is also taken from an institute of the University of Mississippi. Therefore, the audience feels the information provided is credible. At the beginning, the article mentions how obesity in children has increase in recent years. Furthermore, the article refers to some statistics, and percentages. It mentions that the number of obese children has increased fifty percent in the last two decades; it also lists six food groups and the specific amount of food conforming them. This evidence and the fact of the number indications in the quantity of food convince readers that those tips are true. And because the information is true, the readers will take the facts seriously. As the article presents an overview of the problem, it evokes in the parents a feeling of concern making them want to do something about it. After the parents got concerned, they are given some tips which make them feel relieved because there is more than one solution that can be done. The concern is removed by knowing that a solution exists. The poster of the Safaris Free of Childhood Obesity aiming has an effective response of credibility of the audience. Many children do not care a lot if the information is credible or not, but their parents do care. Nevertheless, it has included in the bottom of the poster the name of the official campaign and a website to get more information. Since it is not necessary for children to know about statistics or percentages as with parents, the poster uses logic to include evidence. The poster is made up of two columns, and the first one starts with a sad emoticon and the question Why am I Overweight? The other alumna has a happy emoticon and another question Why do I have Healthy weight? In the first column are shown types of unhealthy food or some that can be eaten but in small quantities. Moreover, some of the activities in which children do not have to spend much time are represented in one image. On the other hand, healthy food such as fruits and vegetables are the main elements in the second column. Physical activities are also shown in this part of the poster. All of these elements together can make children feel guilty or proud of themselves. In case of the child feeling guilty, he poster has these words with a bigger size Where there is a will, there is a way. In other words it is trying to make children understand that if they want to change, they can make it happen. And that feeling of guilty may disappear. Conclusion To see if the message of a genre is effective, it is necessary to analyze its content. Analyzing the areas of audience and purpose, and the use rhetoric will help see the effectiveness of the genre. The article Preventing Childhood Obesity: Tips for Parents from the New York State Department of Health website and the Safaris free f Childhood Obesity campaign poster have been analyzed to see which of the two is effective in different manners. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the poster delivers its information and purpose more effectively than the article. Its effectiveness relies on involving children in the situation and making the problem easier to solve because if the child does not want to lose weight, the problem remains unsolved. And if children have a healthy weight, it helps them to maintain that way by not doing the things mentioned in the first column. For the message to be effective, it has to call for a change.

How To Give Advice in Spanish

How To Give Advice in Spanish There are at least four ways you can offer advice in Spanish, depending partly on how direct you wish to be. Statements of advice can be in the form of a command, in the form of telling a person what he or she is obligated to do, as a statement of advice followed by the subjunctive mood, and as a n impersonal statement followed by the subjunctive mood. All four methods have parallels in English. Giving Advice Using Commands Commands may go beyond the point of being advisory, depending on the context, tone of voice and whether your command is direct or indirect. In context, commands (also known as  the imperative mood) such as these can be understood as either advice or a demand: Habla tà º a la policà ­a, y diles que tu vecina est loca. (Talk to the police and tell them your neighbor is crazy.)Compre el producto, no el proveedor. (Buy the product, not the provider.)No salgas ahora. (Dont leave now.) The future tense can substitute for the imperative in making directing commands, as it can in English. But such commands are extremely forceful and thus would not usually be understood as advisory.  ¡Comers todo el almuerzo! (You will eat all of your lunch!) ¡Saldr ahora mismo! (You will leave right now!) Giving Advice by Expressing Obligation Like direct commands, whether statements of obligation (such as You should do this in English) are understood as advice - or potentially as rude - depends on context, including the tone of voice. The common ways of expressing obligation are the uses of tener que infinitive and deber infinitive. When giving advice, you can soften the tone by using a conditional form of deber: Deberà ­as estudiar un poco acerca de las opciones. (You ought to study a little bit about the choices.)No deberà ­as escoger productos lcteos que son altos en grasas. (You shouldnt choose dairy products that are high in fat.)Deberà ­an ustedes ser ms positivos. (You should be more positive.) Using Verbs of Advice With the Subjunctive Because giving advice is often a way of expressing a wish or a desire - or certainly of referring to an event that may or may not occur - the subjunctive mood is used after the verb of advice. Common verbs of advice and possible translations include: aconsejar: to advisesugerir: to suggestproponer: to propose, to put forward (an idea) These verbs should not be confused with verbs such as notificar and informar, which can be translated as advise, but only in the sense of to inform. Some examples: Te aconsejo que me olvides. (I suggest that you forget me.)Te aconsejo que te cases en tu propio paà ­s. (I advise you to get married in your own country.)Sugiero que se pueda desactivar el foro. (I suggest that you deactivate the forum.)Le sugerimos que visite nuestro sitio regularmente. (We suggest that you visit our site regularly.)Sugiero que te comuniques con el centro meteorolà ³gico de tu ciudad. (I suggest you communicate with your citys weather center.)Te propongo que escribas un articulo con lo que sabes de este seà ±or. (I suggest you write an article based on what you know about this gentleman.)Te proponemos que dediques 3 minutitos a contestar este cuestionario. (We ask you to spend just three short minutes answering this questionnaire.) Using Impersonal Statements as Advice An even less direct way of giving advice is to use impersonal statements, typically followed by the subjunctive. Examples of impersonal statements used in advice include es importante (it is important) and es necesario (it is necessary); like verbs of advice, they are followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. And as in the fourth example below, you can make statements of how you would react as a way of advising. Es importante que participes en clase. (It is important that you participate in class.)Creemos que es necesario que tenga un coche fiable. (We believe it is important that you have a reliable car.)Serà ­a provechoso si pudià ©ramos examinar ese problema. (It would be helpful if we could examine that problem.)Me gustarà ­a si me escribes de vez en cuando. (It would please me if you write to me once in a while.) Key Takeaways The most direct way of giving advice is to use the imperative mood or the future tense, although such ways of giving advice can come across as too forceful to be considered advice.Verbs of advice are typically followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood.Impersonal statements followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood can be used to give advice indirectly.

Origin and Development of Medicolegal Death Investigation Assignment

Origin and Development of Medicolegal Death Investigation - Assignment Example Medicolegal death investigation is a broad discipline that varies depending on the jurisdictions. In the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia among other Arabic states for example have unique medicolegal death investigation systems derived from the Islamic legislations owing to the adoption of sharia laws. In Europe and the United States among other countries with civil legislations, the investigation systems follow the constitutional jurisdictions with respect to the value of human life. This implies that while the investigators strive to find justice to the victims, they respect the value and rights of the suspect thus handling such investigations with the view of upholding the values. Medicolegal death investigation is a prestigious course taught in different institutions of higher education including colleges and universities. The institutions hire professional forensic specialists who exhibit understanding of the industry and the nature of prevailing crimes in the society. Among the developments of the curses offered in numerous colleges and universities, include the use of assisting laboratories such as forensic histopathology, microbiology, serology and forensic chemistry among many others. Each of the above developments introduces unique features into the practice with the view of developing individuals who exhibit unique skills required in each of the specializations. The primary objective of medicolegal death investigation is to determine the cause and the nature of deaths. The numerous ways of murdering an individual thus validate the widening of the practice thus the numerous developments. Some of the developments such as forensic chemistry investigate d eaths arising from chemicals related accidents and murders (Rao, 2013). Other related laboratories that expedite such investigations include DNA laboratories that help match the biological evidence. The efficacy of the evidence provided by medicolegal death